There is documented use in the Roman Empire, China, Japan and a few other countries since the I century or before, in more countries afterwards. Its current use in other countries has almost become restricted today to the teaching of elementary Arithmetics, or it is used as a score counter for games, especially for billiards, but with good training the abacus is an efficient calculator. Still today they can be found at good stationery shops, but in the same fashion as with logarithmic tables, calculation rulers gradually fell out of favour in the 1970's, with the advent of electronic calculators. Taking the word "computer" in its etymological sense of "counter" or "calculator", some of those primitive computers are: -The calculation devices of John Napier in 1617, of William Oughtred in 1621-1627, and of Bissaker in 1654. -The calculator machines of Heinrich Schickart in 1623, of Blaise Pascal in 1642-1652, of Sir Samuel Morland about 1660, of Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1694, and of Mattieu Hahn in 1779. Besides those purely mathematical calculators, the first automatic machines were built by M. Falcon in 1728, by Basile Bouchon in those years, and by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801-1804. The first mechanic computers were tentatively built by Charles Babbage in 1821-1834 and in 1834-1871, although they were never finished by him.

1642-1652: Pascaline, calculator machine of pinion wheels for adding two or three numbers, up to the number 999 999, using numbering base of ten, by Blaise Pascal (1623-1662). Several of them were built. This ruler was the forerunner of all calculation slide rulers of different forms that were built for three and a half centuries. 1654: calculation slide ruler by Bissaker. What exists now is descended from what existed before. Besides CGI, two languages that were from the start designed for the purpose of generating dynamic content, ASP of Microsoft Corporation and Java of Sun Systems, stand now as the main languages used for that purpose, in direct competition against each other. Intel Corporation produced integrated circuits of initially 1 Kilobit, such as the Intel 1103, which substituted memories of iron nuclei. 1984: microprocessor Intel 80386 SX of 4 Gigabytes of 16 bits 1984: microprocessor Intel 80386 DX of 4 Gigabytes of 32 bits (in Compaq 386, IBM Personal Computer and other microcomputers). This tabulator was the first important application of a computer in History: in competition against a few other inventions, Hollerith's machine won the contract for the North American census of 1890. The machine was in service until the 1930's. In 1896 Hermann Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company (TMC), renamed in 1911 Computer Tabulating Recording (CTR), and in 1924 International Business Machines (IBM).

About 1830: serial production of various machines for arithmetic calculation, all of them using numbering base of ten. 1930: following the ideas that had been explained by Wilhelm Gottfried Von Leibnitz in 1676-1679, Couffignal suggests that calculator machines (or computers) should use a numbering base of two instead of using a numbering base of ten. In 1964 little over ten elements could enter in a square centimetre. The role of luck is zero or little in the games of skills - the outcome of the game is only decided on basis of advantages taken over opponent where good plans or tricks are required. Since there are lots of balls that need to be put into the pot, the game creates enough space for everyone to come on board and have a shot at the balls. You do not need to introduce your bank card details, and everything is absolutely free. Machines operated by wooden tables or cylinders, cards or paper tapes, lined with perforations or with raised dots, have been used from the XVIII century in textile industries, music instruments (like the mechanic piano), toys and other applications.

The suggestion of using perforated cards had been proposed by John Shaw Billings, inspired on automatic weaving machines and on other similar mechanic devices. The first operational mechanic computer was built by Vannevar Bush in 1930. The first electro mechanic tabulator was built by Hermann Hollerith in 1880-1889. The first electro mechanic computers were tentatively built by George Stibitz with Samuel Williams in 1937-1940, although they were never finished by them. The first operational electro mechanic computers were built by Konrad Zuse in 1936-1938, by Howard Aiken in 1937-1943, and by Alan Mathison Turing with Max Newman in 1941-1942. The first electronic computers were tentatively built by John Atanasoff with Clifford Berry in 1937-1942, although they were never finished by them. Alan Mathison Turing developed a kind of assembly language for it. His description of browsing the Memex of linked information includes the ability of easily inserting new information by anyone, adding to the growing Memex, as the hyper text system does today in the Gopher Protocol, or in the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol and Mark-up Language used by the World Wide Web. The Indian numeral system thus becomes known to Muslim scholars in the Iberian Peninsula in that VIII century, and thence it slowly spreads to the rest of Europe, becoming about the XII century predominant over the Roman numeral system (although Roman numerals are still used today).

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